If you'll be in Sweden next week for the FSCONS, you'll have the opportunity to hear Werner Koch's talk on Saturday afternoon: The state of everyday cryptography:

After Snowden explained to the world that even the crypto geeks had been too optimistic about the state of global surveillance, a new interest in developing and promoting systems to provide encryption service for normal human beings awoke. There are several systems with widely different goals, user bases, and cryptographic strength in active use. Some popped up and quickly drowned, others are getting more and more attention, and finally there are some old comrades finally getting public interest. In this talk, Werner gives an overview of these different systems and tries to predict their future. Will some of these encryption systems survive and thus force the NSA/CGHQ/BND to spend a lot more money on mass surveillance?

Since the last blog post, there have been two releases of GnuPG: version 2.1.8 and version 2.1.9. These releases were primarily bug fix releases. The one noteworthy new feature (implemented by Werner) is support for OpenPGP DANE, which allows looking up keys that have been stored in the DNS.

In terms of development, Neal has finished the preliminary implementation of TOFU and Werner has been working on two new features: Tor support for GnuPG and g13, which provides GnuPG support for DM-Crypt. Daniel Kahn Gillmor provided a patch to explicitly deprecate algorithms in addition to those that GnuPG has marked as deprecated. Andre Heinecke has been working on GpgOL, a GnuPG plug-in for Outlook, and Kai has continued to work on Enigmail.

Niibe fixed a bug effecting the use of ed25519 keys with GnuPG's ssh agent code. When using an ed25519 authentication key imported with ssh-add, GnuPG 2.1.8 and later could no longer read the keys saved by older versions of GnuPG. This was due to a bug in the way that older versions of GnuPG saved the key. To work around this, you need to manually delete the old key and reimport it using ssh-add. Refer to https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=798956#24 and https://bugs.gnupg.org/gnupg/issue2096 for more details.

Niibe also fixed a bug arising from a new GCC optimization. The optimization, which was introduced in GCC 5, caused GnuPG to fail to positively verify some messages. The issue was that instead of returning the address of a local variable, gcc would simply return NULL. (GnuPG was using this ugly hack to return something other than NULL to indicate success for an empty packet; the caller didn't actually examine the value pointed to by the address.) See this message for more details.

Jonas Magazinius identified a downgrade attack on the OpenPGP message format:

[He] found that [OpenPGP] is vulnerable to a chosen-ciphertext attack to downgrade [a Symmetrically Encrypted Integrity Protected Data Packet (SEIP)] to a plain [Symmetrically Encrypted Data Packet (SE)] packet. Due to the properties of CFB mode and OpenPGP’s predictable message structure, it is possible to switch the SEIP tag to SE, strip the MDC (and signature), and align and manipulate the encrypted packet. The implications are, among others, that an encrypted and signed message can be stripped of its signature and modified arbitrarily, with certain restrictions, by an attacker without knowing the key.

Since symmetrically encrypted data packets have been deprecated since RFC 4880, which was release in 2007, GnuPG mitigates this attack by aborting if the message contains an SE packet and was encrypted with a relatively modern cipher (anything with a block length that is greater than 64-bits as well as twofish). Since (hopefully) no one is using the old ciphers, an attacker will only be able to downgrade old messages.

OpenPGP DANE ist a new mechanism for OpenPGP key discovery. The basic idea is that users publish their key in the Secure DNS. Then, when someone is looking up a key, they simply use DNS to find it. This has the advantage that since the user (or the user's mail provider) controls the domain, it is less likely that a rogue key will be returned, which can happen when using an HKP keyserver since the keyserver has no way to determine what key is correct.

Werner has implemented this and it is available in the most recent GnuPG release. GnuPG makes one small derivation from the proposed standard: GnuPG always lower-cases the local-part of the email address.

To create a DANE record, use the following command:

$ gpg2 --print-dane-records -k KEYID

To search for a key using DANE, use:

$ gpg2 --auto-key-locate dane --search-keys [email protected]

Neal finally committed TOFU support to the git repository. Special thanks go to Andre Heinecke, who helped debug the code. It will be available in the next release. Although TOFU will not be turned on by default, we encourage MUAs to prompt users to switch to this trust model.

TOFU stands for Trust on First Use and is a concept that will be familiar to anyone who regularly uses ssh. When you ssh to a host for the first time, ssh asks you to verify the host's key (most people just say yes here). When connecting to the same host in the future, ssh checks that the key hasn't changed. If it has, ssh displays a warning. TOFU for GnuPG works similarly.

In contrast to the Web of Trust (WoT), TOFU's security guarantees are rather weak. When using the WoT correctly, you can have high confidence that if GnuPG says a given key is controlled by a specific user, then it probably is. TOFU, on the other hand, is only able to detect when the key associated with an email address has changed. Despite this, TOFU will be more secure than the WoT for most users in practice. This is because using the WoT requires a lot of manual support, which most users never bother with. In particular, you need to verify fingerprints and set the owner trust to take advantage of friend of friend verification.

Happily you don't need to choose between TOFU and the WoT. It is possible to combine them using the tofu+pgp trust model. In this model, the trust level for a key under each model is computed and then the maximum is taken.

For users who want TOFU's ability to detect conflicts, but don't like that TOFU assigns positive (marginal) trust to new keys without prompting, it is possible to change the default policy to unknown or to always prompt the user for the policy for new keys using the –tofu-default-policy option.

To enable TOFU support, you just need to add the following to your gpg.conf file:

trust-model tofu+pgp

Other than that, there is nothing special that you need to do to take advantage of TOFU. See this mail for more details. (For a more implementation-focused discussion, see this mail.) Also consult the manual (search for tofu to find the relevant options).

Werner has committed basic support for Tor to the GnuPG git repository. It can be enabled by passing the –use-tor flag to dirmngr (or setting use-tor in dirmngr.conf). Note: to test this feature, you'll also need a version of libassuan from git.

GnuPG's Tor support is careful to make sure that traffic is not accidentally routed via the open Internet. To ensure this, when Tor support is enabled and traffic can't be routed via Tor, GnuPG fails rather than leaks data. In order to ensure that information is not leaked via DNS, GnuPG will use ADNS to access the DNS rather than the system resolver. (ADNS has been used by GnuPG on Windows since 2008.) Werner has modified it to support Tor and is currently in the process of getting the patches integrated upstream.

Kristian Fiskerstrand, the manager of the SKS Keyserver pool, began looking into making keyservers accessible as Tor hidden services. Information about which keyservers support Tor and their respective .onion addresses can be found on the SKS status page. However, just as you don't typically want to configure GnuPG to use a single key server rather than the fault-tolerant pool, Kristian has set up an Onion Balancer, hkp://jirk5u4osbsr34t5.onion, to redirect requests to the various Tor-enabled keyservers. Support is still experimental.

Werner has been working on g13. g13 is part of the GnuPG suite of tools. It provides support for working with DM-Crypt devices with OpenPGP keys and takes advantage of the existing GnuPG infrastructure.

Currently, DM-Crypt is primarily used with LUKS. A LUKS encrypted volume has a small header at the start of the volume, which includes the master key encrypted with a passphrase. The passphrase is a weak point of the system as it is often vulnerable to a brute-force attack. A more secure approach is to encrypt the master key with a secret key stored on a smart card. Further, it should be possible to use existing keys. GnuPG, of course, has long had good support for interacting with smartcards and working with OpenPGP keys.

Daniel Kahn Gillmor (dkg) contributed a patch to provide an option to explicitly deprecate algorithms in addition to those that GnuPG has marked as deprecated. This is useful for deprecating SHA-1, for instance. GnuPG can't do this by default because SHA-1 is a mandatory-to-implement algorithm and is widely used in the OpenPGP ecosystem. Nevertheless, as dkg says:

Some operators of high-value targets that depend on OpenPGP signatures may wish to require their signers to use a stronger digest algorithm than SHA1, even if the OpenPGP ecosystem at large cannot deprecate SHA1 entirely today.

Andre Heinecke has been evaluating the feasibility of supporting PGP/MIME and S/MIME in Outlook 2007 and later. So far he has implemented support for reading MIME messages. This is included in a beta version of GpgOL. He is currently working on sending PGP/MIME messages. Some preliminary code has been committed to the master branch of GpgOL. Testing is appreciated and bug reports should be filed in the bugs.gnupg.org bug tracker.

For a draft of the release plan please refer to the Gpg4win Roadmap.

Kai has continued to work on Enigmail. He added support for the Keybase protocol and for importing public keys from URLs. He also work on ensuring that warnings about sending unsigned emails.

Intevation and g10^code have been awarded a 2 year contract by the BSI (the German office for information security) to start work on the Gpg4all project (announcement). The main objectives of Gpg4all are to maintain Gpg4win and to research end-to-end encryption for webmail and Android phones.

The BSI also accepted a bid by Intevation and g10^code to work on the Gpg4VS-NfD project. The goal of this project is to prepare Gpg4win and GnuPG for approval for use with classified documents at the VS-Nfd (restricted) level in Germany. The main task is to improve the internal documentation of GnuPG and to implement a configuration option to restrict what GnuPG can do according to this classification level's requirements (e.g., the set of permitted algorithms). More details will be published soon.

On gnupg-devel, Andreas Schwier asked about n-of-m threshold schemes for accessing sensitive keys. He's implemented this support in the SmartCard-HSM and would like to see support for it in scdaemon. Andreas also wrote a blog post describing the various use cases in more detail. Werner replied that the main challenge will be coming up with a good user interface and that this is the reason that GnuPG doesn't support this type of secret sharing yet.

Werner announced that the GnuPG would start to use some C99 features. In particular, we'll start using variadic macros (__VA_ARGS__), the predefined macro __func__ and variable declarations inside a for loop (for (int i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {}).

On gnupg-users, Nix asked about using GnuPG 2.1 with NFS. Werner provided a workaround to use a non-standard socket name for gpg-agent.

Robert H. Hansen posted that Facebook has upgraded their support for OpenPGP. After a question from Christian Heinrich about Facebook's support, Jon Millican indicated that it is possible to fetch public keys via Facebook's Graph API.

Bernhard Reiter encouraged people to edit the libgcrypt page on Wikipedia. He noted that people closely related to the project are discouraged from editing pages about their own work and encouraged other members of the community to get involved this way.

g10^code has hired another developer, Justus Winter, to work on GnuPG and related projects. Justus has been hacking on Free Software, in particular, the Hurd, since 2013. His major contributions include porting Debian/Hurd to sysvinit, and improving the performance along the RPC path, notably by amending the Mach message format to include Protected Payloads. He started work at the beginning of November.

Werner improved the donation system to accept donations using SEPA bank transfer. This should make it easy and cheap to donate Euros from most of the European states.

We try to write a news posting each month. However, other work may have a higher priority (e.g. security fixes) and thus there is no promise for a fixed publication date. If you have an interesting topic for a news posting, please send it to us. A regular summary of the mailing list discussions would make a nice column on this news.